Eastern Mediterranean University (EMU), Health Sciences Faculty, Department of Nursing academic personnel member Emine Temizkan Sekizler released a statement with the slogan of “One Test, One Vaccine, One Life!” within the scope of the 1-31 January Cervix Cancer Awareness Month. The statement reads as follows:

 

“Cervical cancer develops when the cells in the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus connecting to the vagina, begin to grow uncontrollably. It is the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide, the tenth in Türkiye, and the ninth in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. To raise awareness, January 1-31 is observed as Cervical Cancer Awareness Month.

 

Research into the causes of cervical cancer reveals that the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is responsible for over 99% of cervical cancer cases. Women infected with HPV have a 250–400 times greater risk of developing cervical cancer compared to those who aren't infected. HPV is a sexually transmitted infection that can cause cancer and infections in areas such as the skin, external genital regions, anus, mouth, and throat. This makes HPV a threat not only to women but also to men. In women, persistent infections with high-risk HPV strains can lead to the development of abnormal cells that may eventually turn cancerous. Risk factors for cervical cancer include the oncogenic potential of the HPV type, immune health, the presence of other sexually transmitted infections, number of childbirths, early pregnancy age, use of hormonal contraceptives, and smoking.

 

Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that progresses slowly, but before it develops, abnormal cells can appear in the cervix tissue. Detecting and treating these cells is crucial to prevent cancer. Key strategies for preventing and treating cervical cancer include HPV vaccination and regular screening of the cervical tissue.

 

HPV vaccines offer protection against HPV types 16 and 18, which are responsible for cervical cancer. The World Health Organization advises that both girls and boys receive the vaccine between the ages of 9 and 14, and for individuals aged 15 and older, a three-dose regimen should be followed if vaccination is needed. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) further states that the vaccine can be given up to the age of 26, but it is most effective when administered before sexual activity begins. In Türkiye and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, despite some efforts, HPV vaccines remain optional and paid, and they are not yet included in the national vaccination program.

 

Cervical cancer screening programs are vital for early diagnosis. The screening protocols differ depending on the country and guidelines. The World Health Organization advises that all women who have been sexually active start getting Pap smear tests every 5-10 years from the age of 30 and have an HPV test at least twice before turning 35 and once more before reaching 45 to detect cervical diseases and cancer.

 

Cervical cancer is a major public health concern. To prevent sexually transmitted infections, it is important to use barrier methods like condoms, have a monogamous sexual relationship, delay the onset of sexual activity, plan for fertility, maintain a healthy diet, avoid smoking and alcohol, monitor for abnormal bleeding or discharge outside of the menstrual cycle, ensure regular Pap smear screenings, practice good personal hygiene, screen high-risk groups, and raise awareness about the early signs of cervical cancer and vaccination programs. Raising awareness, ensuring access to information and healthcare services, and promoting lifelong prevention and control are crucial for managing cervical cancer”.

 

“Cervical Cancer is Preventable; Early Diagnosis Saves Lifes!”